Electromagnetic radiation and health
Electromagnetic radiation can be classified into ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation, based on whether it is capable of ionizing atoms and breaking chemical bonds. Ultraviolet and higher frequencies, such as X-rays or gamma rays are ionizing. These pose their own special hazards: see radiation and radiation poisoning.
Non-ionizing radiation, discussed here, is associated with two major potential hazards: electrical and biological. Additionally, induced electric current caused by radiation can generate sparks and create a fire or explosive hazard.
References
^ Delgado, JM; J Leal, JL Monteagudo, MG Gracia (May 1982). “Embryological changes induced by weak, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields“. J Anat 134 (Pt 3): 533–51.
^ Harland, JD; Robert Liburdy (1997). “Environmental magnetic fields inhibit the antiproliferative action of tamoxifen and melatonin in a human breast cancer cell line“. Bioelectromagnetics 18 (8): 555–62. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:83.0.CO;2-1.
^ Aalto, S; C Haarala, A Bruck, H Sipila, H Hamalainen, JO Rinne (July 2006). “Mobile phone affects cerebral blood flow in humans“. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26 (7): 885–90. doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600279.
^ Koivisto, M; CM Krause, A Revonsuo, M Laine, H Hamalainen (June 2000). “The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory“. Neuroreport 11 (8): 1641–3.
^ Binhi, V (2002). Magnetobiology: Underlying Physical Problems. Academic Press, New York.
^ Fews, Peter; Denis Henshaw, Paul Keitch, Julie Close, Richard Wilding (December 1999). “Increased exposure to pollutant aerosols under high voltage power lines“. Int J Radiat Biol. 75 (12): 1505–21. doi:10.1080/095530099139115.
^ Fews, Peter; Denis Henshaw, Richard Wilding, Paul Keitch (December 1999). “Corona ions from powerlines and increased exposure to pollutant aerosols“. Int J Radiat Biol. 75 (12): 1523–31. doi:10.1080/095530099139124.
^ a b c “Electromagnetic fields and public health“. Fact sheet N°322. World Health Organization (June 2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-23. “Thus, on balance, the evidence related to childhood leukaemia is not strong enough to be considered causal. … A number of other adverse health effects have been studied for possible association with ELF magnetic field exposure. These include other childhood cancers, cancers in adults, depression, suicide, cardiovascular disorders, reproductive dysfunction, developmental disorders, immunological modifications, neurobehavioural effects and neurodegenerative disease. The WHO Task Group concluded that scientific evidence supporting an association between ELF magnetic field exposure and all of these health effects is much weaker than for childhood leukaemia. In some instances (i.e. for cardiovascular disease or breast cancer) the evidence suggests that these fields do not cause them.”
^ “Electromagnetic fields and public health“. Retrieved on 2007-11-17. WHO factsheet on electromagnetic hypersensitivity
^ “Electric and Magnetic Fields and Public Health“. National Policy. American Physical Society (2005-04-15). Retrieved on 2008-01-29.
^ “Electric and Magnetic Fields Associated with the Use of Power” (PDF). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2002-06). Retrieved on 2008-01-29.
^ The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (2004-08). “ICNIRP Statement Related to the Use of Security and Similar Devices Utilizing Electromagnetic Fields” (PDF). Health Physics 87 (2): 187. doi:10.1097/00004032-200408000-00007. Retrieved on 2008-01-29. “Similarly, there is no convincing evidence for an association with neurologic disease, birth defects, heart disease, or suicide.”
^ “H-460.938 Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields“. American Medical Association. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. “no scientifically documented health risk has been associated with the usually occurring levels of electromagnetic fields”
^ Tynes, Tore; L Klaeboe, T Haldorsen (May 2003). “Residential and occupational exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields and malignant melanoma: a population based study“. Occup Environ Med 60 (5): 343–7. doi:10.1136/oem.60.5.343. PMID 12709519.
^ Feychting, Maria; Anders Ahlbom, F Jonsson, NL Pederson (July 2003). “Occupational magnetic field exposure and neurodegenerative disease“. Epidemiology 14 (4): 413–9. doi:10.1097/01.EDE.0000071409.23291.7b.
^ Hakansson, Niklas; P Gustavsson, Birgitte Floderus, Christof Johanen (July 2003). “Neurodegenerative diseases in welders and other workers exposed to high levels of magnetic fields“. Epidemiology 14 (4): 420–6. doi:10.1097/01.EDE.0000078446.76859.c9.
^ Albohm, Anders (2001). “Neurodegenerative diseases, suicide and depressive symptoms in relation to EMF.“. Bioelectromagnetics (Suppl 5): S132–43.
^ Lee, GM; Michael Yost, RR Neutra, L Hristova, RA Hiatt (January 2002). “A nested case-control study of residential and personal magnetic field measures and miscarriages“. Epidemiology 13 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1097/00001648-200201000-00005.
^ Li, De-Kun; Roxana Odouli, S Wi, T Janevic, I Golditch, TD Bracken, R Senior, R Rankin, R Iriye (January 2002). “A population-based prospective cohort study of personal exposure to magnetic fields during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage“. Epidemiology 13 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1097/00001648-200201000-00004.
^ Cao, YN; Y Zhang, Y Liu (August 2006). “Effects of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on reproduction of female mice and development of offsprings“. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 24 (8): 468–70.
^ Linet, M. S.; Martha S. Linet, M.D., Elizabeth E. Hatch, Ph.D., Ruth A. Kleinerman, M.P.H., Leslie L. Robison, Ph.D., (July 1997). “Residential Exposure to Magnetic Fields and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children“. New England Journal of Medicine 337 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199707033370101. PMID 9203424.
^ Albohm, Anders; Elisabeth Cardis, Adele Green, Martha Linet, David Savitz, Anthony Swerdlow (December 2001). “Review of the Epidemiologic Literature on EMF and Health“. Environ Health Perspect. 109 (S6).
^ Maslanyj, Myron; Terry Mee, David Renew, J Simpson, P Ansell, Stuart Allen, Eve Roman (March 2007). “Investigation of the sources of residential power frequency magnetic field exposure in the UK Childhood Cancer Study“. J. Radiol. Prot. 27 (1): 41–58. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/27/1/002.
^ Draper, Gerald; Tim Vincent, Mary E. Kroll, John Swanson (2005). “Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high voltage power lines in England and Wales: a case-control study“. BMJ (330): 1290. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7503.1290. PMID 15933351.
^ Fews, Peter; Denis Henshaw, Paul Keitch, Julie Close, Richard Wilding (December 1999). “Increased exposure to pollutant aerosols under high voltage power lines“. Int J Radiat Biol. 75 (12): 1505–21.
^ Fews, Peter; Denis Henshaw, Richard Wilding, Paul Keitch (December 1999). “Corona ions from powerlines and increased exposure to pollutant aerosols“. Int J Radiat Biol. 75 (12): 1523–31.
^ “Electromagnetic fields and public health: extremely low frequency fields and cancer“. Fact sheet N°263. World Health Organization (October 2001). Retrieved on 2008-01-23.
^ “An Evaluation of the Possible Risks From Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMFs) From Power Lines, Internal Wiring, Electrical Occupations and Appliances”, California EMF Program
^ “SAGE first interim assessment: Power Lines and Property, Wiring in Homes, and Electrical Equipment in Homes”
companies in Athens radiation therapy